Ground Based Gamma Ray Astronomy

Ground Based Gamma Ray Astronomy



Ground Based Gamma Ray Astronomy falls into 2 categories - very high energy (VHE) gamma ray astronomy and ultra high energy (UHE) gamma ray astronomy. Both astronomies rely on the secondary detection of gamma rays by means of air showers they produce in the earth's atmosphere. In the case of UHE gamma ray astronomy (10 TeV upwards), the gamma rays are energetic enough to produce particle cascades or air showers which reach the surface of the earth where they can be detected by particle counters.

Ion Trap

Jnl-Mass Spectrom V1 82


HIGH CAPACITY ION CYCLOTRON RESONANCE CELL


Comprehensive research on stability of amorphous silicon and alloy materials and devices: Annual report, 31 May 1995 - 30 May 1996

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION



This invention relates generally to an ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) cell, and more particularly to an ICR cell with large ion storage capacity.



BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION



Ion cyclotron resonance is well known and has been employed in numerous spectroscopy devices and studies. Generally, these devices store the ions to be analyzed in cells of various configurations which are disposed in a uniform magnetic field.
THE SPECTRUM AND THE TOTAL INTENSITY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES SCATTERED FROM AN IONIZED GAS IN THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM IN THE PRESENCE OF A STATIC QUASI-UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD


Short and long wavelength disturbances of a two-component collisionless plasma,: With polarization parallel to a uniform magnetic field (AGM report)


Experimental determination of eddy-current torques on bodies rotating relative to a uniform magnetic field (NASA technical note)

Pressure dependence of a plasma diffusion across a uniform magnetic field (IPPJ-70)


A Theory of incoherent scattering of radio waves by a plasma in a uniform magnetic field (Report)



Localized ferromagnetic resonance in non-uniform magnetic fields (Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. Thesis. 1976. Elec. E)




Interfacial instability of fluids of arbitrary electrical conductivity in uniform magnetic fields



Structures of Permanent Magnets: Generation of Uniform Fields


Forced MHD turbulence in a uniform external magnetic field (SuDoc NAS 1.26:172576)



Stability of two-fluid wheel flows with an imposed uniform axial magnetic field (NASA technical note)


Generation of uniform fields with permanent magnets: Lectures (TR)


Effect of uniform external pressure and oblique incidence of the solar wind on the terminal shape of the geomagnetic field, (U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NASA)


Lower hybrid oscillations in multicomponent space plasmas subjected to ion cyclotron waves (SuDoc NAS 1.26:204723)

Gaseous ions in the presence of the uniform magnetic field are constrained to move in circular orbits in a plane perpendicular to the field (cyclotron oscillations). The ions are not constrained in their motion parallel to the field. As a consequence, various cell configurations have been adopted to retain the ions within the cell. For example, the cell may include end plates which have dc voltages applied thereto, or it may be of an open cell design such as described by Beu et. al., "Open trapped ion cell geometries for FT/ICR/MS, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes, 112 (1992), 215-230. Another cell configuration is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,019,706.

Desorption Mass Spectrometry (Acs Symposium Series)





ESI/MALDI-Fourier-Transform-Ionenzyklotronresonanz-Massenspektrometrie (FT-ICR-MS): Etablierung der Methode und Anwendung in der Analytik kombinatorischer Verbindungskollektionen, Peptide und Proteine



Radio frequency radiation from hypersonic plasmas with impressed oscillating electric fields


Radio Frequency Power in Plasmas: 17th Topical Conference on Radio Frequency Power in Plasmas (AIP Conference Proceedings / Plasma Physics)


High power RF plasma heating and wave propagation near the fundamental and harmonics of the ion cyclotron frequency


The effect of temperature, oblique incidence and poloidal magnetic field on wave propagation, damping and mode conversion in the ion cyclotron resonance frequency domain

CYCLOTRON INSTABILITIES AND ELECTROMAGNETIC EMISSION IN THE ULTRA LOW FREQUENCY AND VERY LOW FREQUENCY RANGES

Radio Frequency Power in Plasmas: Charleston, SC 1991 (AIP Conference Proceedings)

Multi-species test of ion cyclotron resonance heating at high altitudes (SuDoc NAS 1.26:206145)


Spiral ridge cyclotrons with frequency modulation (A.E.R.E. reports;no.G.P.R2069)


Radio Frequency Power Plasmas: 16th Topical Conference on Radio Frequency Power in Plasmas (AIP Conference Proceedings / Plasma Physics)


Studies of electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves using AMPTE/CCE and dynamics explorer final report, period of performance 6/1/91 to 8/31/94 (SuDoc NAS 1.26:196437)


Phase stability in cyclotrons with the fixed frequency field law (A.E.R.E. reports;GP/R2071)


Lower hybrid oscillations in multicomponent space plasmas subjected to ion cyclotron waves (SuDoc NAS 1.26:204723)


Radiofrequency power transfer to ion-cyclotron waves in a collision-free magnetoplasma (NASA technical note)


A BATSE investigation of radiation belt electrons precipated by VLV waves final report (SuDoc NAS 1.26:189394)



The frequency of the circular motion is directly dependent upon the charge-to-mass ratio of the ions and the strength of the magnetic field. When orbiting ions trapped within the cell are subjected to an oscillating electric field, disposed at right angles to the magnetic field, the ions having a cyclotron frequency equal to the frequency of the oscillating electric field are accelerated to increasingly larger orbital radii and higher kinetic energy. Because only the resonant ions absorb energy from the oscillating field, they are distinguished from the non-resonant ions upon which the oscillating electric field has a substantially negligible effect. The oscillating ions are detected by separate electrodes which have image current induced therein by the oscillating ions. In another example, the cell does not include separate detection electrodes, and is operated in a switched mode. A twoelectrode ion trap is described by Marto, et al., "A TwoElectrode Ion Trap for Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry", Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes, 137 (1994), 9-30.

Electron Beam Ion Sources and Traps and Their Applications: 8th International Symposium EBIS/T 2000, Upton, New York, 5-8 November 2000 (AIP Conference Proceedings)


Identification of Essential Oils by Ion trap Mass Spectroscopy

SOME IONOSPHERIC MEASUREMENTS WITH SATELLITE-BORNE ION TRAPS


The Arccos and Lommel Diffraction Formulations: An Approximate Fourier Transform Pair Leading to A Unified Theory of Spatially Averaged Diffraction Corrections for Ultrasonic Piston Transducers Operating in Pulsed Mode

Generally, the ions are excited by a pulsed wave form having multiple frequencies whereby ions of different masses undergo ion cyclotron resonance. Comisarow and Marshall in U.S. Pat. No. 3,937,955 describes the operation of an ICR cell excited with waveforms having multiple frequencies in what is known as a Fourier transform mode (FT-ICR). It has been recently demonstrated that one of the primary limitations to obtaining accurate mass measurement for FT-ICR is space charge-induced shifts of the cyclotron frequency. These shifts can be minimized by having a reproducible number of ions during each scan (Winger, et al., "High Throughput, High Speed, Automated Accurate Mass LC-FT/MS Analysis", Proc. 46th ASMS (1998), p. 516).



Other FT-ICR systems are less sensitive to space charge induced shifts and therefore produce more reliable mass accuracy data. For example, the infinity cell (Caravatti et al., "The Infinity Cell: a new Trapped-ion Cell With Radiofrequency Covered Trapping Electrodes for Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry", Org. Mass Spectrom., 26 (1991), 514-518) (Allemann et al., "Ion



Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry: Evolution, Innovation, and Application (Acs Symposium Series)


Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry as a probe of chiral recognition (Technical report)




Cyclotron Resonance Spectrometer", U.S. Pat. No. 5,019, 706), which uses a linearized dipolar field which allows a greater ion excitation radius and the use of "side-kick" injection (Caravatti, Pablo, "Method and apparatus for the

Instrumental Effects in Homodyne Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectrometers (Ellis Horwood Series in Analytical Chemistry)


Kinetic Energy Storage: Theory and Practice of Advanced Flywheel Systems



5 accumulation of ions in a trap of an ion cyclotron resonance spectrometer, by transferring the kinetic energy of the motion parallel to the magnetic field into direction perpendicular to the magnetic field", U.S. Pat. No. 4,924,089), which gives the ions an initial non-zero magnetron radius.

Negative ions and the magnetron

10 Both of these features contribute to lower ion density and thus a reduced sensitivity to space charge-induced frequency shifts.
International telecommunications and international law: The regulation of the radio spectrum


Spectroscopy: Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, Electromagnetic Spectroscopy, Beer-lambert Law, Fluorescence, Energy Level, Frequency Spectrum





The primary drawback to a non-zero initial magnetron radius is that the acquired signal will contain significant



15 harmonic content and other modulations of the fundamental signal (Chen et al., "An off-center cubic ion trap for Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass Spectrometry", Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes, 133 (1994), 29-38). One method which allows the formation of an off-axis ion cloud



20 without the observation of higher-order harmonics is the use of a two-electrode trap such as described by Marto et. al., "A Two-Electrode Ion Trap for Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry", Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes, 137 (1994), 9-30. This trap has been shown



25 to be an order of magnitude less sensitive to space charge shifts than a standard cubic trap. The primary disadvantage of the two-electrode trap is the severe axial ejection caused by the parametric excitation and significant axial fields.



Frequency and Severity of Medical Malpractice Claims (R-2870)

New Evidence on the Frequency and Severity of Medical Malpractice Claims

Theft from afar: hacking into RFID.(radio frequency identification device): An article from: Security Management

Primary Marking's eTWIST evidence tracking system gains traction with law enforcement.(CONTRACTS): An article from: RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) Newsletter



   The selection of cases by introductory business law book writers: An analysis of the frequency with which particular cases are chosen by introductory business law book writers

Phase stability in cyclotrons with the fixed frequency field law (A.E.R.E. reports;GP/R2071)

RADIO-FREQUENCY HEATING

Advances in Biology of Skin Vol. I Cutaneous Innervation : Proceedings of the Brown University Symposium on the Biology of Skin, 1959

A unique scintillation rate counter for ionospheric rate counter for ionospheric studies (AFCRL)








Method for treating benign and malignant tumors utilizing radio frequency ...


Harry H. LeVeen

Advances in Biology of Skin, Volume VI, Aging, Proceedings of the Symposium at the University of Oregon Medical School, 1964

Patent number: 3991770
Filing date: Dec 23, 1975
Issue date: Nov 16, 1976
Immunology and the skin;: Proceedings (Advances in biology of skin, v. 11)







States Patent




The Mechanoreceptors of the Mammalian Skin: Ultrastructure and Morphological Classification (Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology)




Advances in Biology of Skin: Ageing v. 6


Pharmacology and the skin;: Proceedings (Advances in biology of skin, v. 12)


Advances in Biology of Skin: Sebaceous Glands v. 4


Advances in Biology of Skin Vol. 4: The Sebaceous Glands (Advances in Biology of Skin, Volume 4)

LeVeen

Advances in Biology of Skin, Vol. 1, Cutaneous Innervation (Proceedings of the Brown University Symposium on the Biology of Skin, 1959)


[in 3,991,770
 
    Blood vessels and circulation: Proceedings of the Brown University Symposium on the Biology of the Skin, 1960 (Advances in biology of skin series;vol.2)


Advances in Biology of Skin: Cutaneous Innervation v. 1


Cutaneous innervation (Advances in skin biology;vol.1)


Cutaneous receptors (Advances in anatomy, embryology, and cell biology)


[45] Nov. 16, 1976













[54] METHOD FOR TREATING BENIGN AND MALIGNANT TUMORS UTILIZING RADIO FREQUENCY, ELECTROMAGNETIC



[63] Continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 595,094, July 11, 1975,



abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 436,102, Jan. 24, 1974, abandoned.


[52] U.S. Cl 128/413; 128/404;


128/422





[51] Int. Cl.2 A61N 1/40


[58] Field of Search 128/413, 404, 405, 419 R,


128/422,399,1.3-1.5


[56] References Cited


UNITED STATES PATENTS


Warren, "Preliminary Study .



.
. Tumor Cases," The


Am. J. of Roentgen & Radium Therapy, vol. 33, No.


1, Jan. 1935, pp. 75-87.


LeVeen, "Physiological . . . Burn Therapy," Chic.


Med. School Quarterly, vol. 17, No. 2, Feb. 1956, pp.


49-58.



Muckle, et al., "The Sel. Inhibitory . . . Malignant


Cells," Brit. J. Cancer, vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 771-778,


1971.


Goldenberg, et al., "Direct & Abscopal . .
























Hyperthermia," Zeitschrift fur Natur For., 8, 26:1971, pp.


359-361.


Primary Examiner—Robert W. Michell



 Assistant Examiner—Lee S. Cohen

Attorney, Agent, or

 Firm—Brooks


Haidt Haffner ;


Delahunty














studies have functionally confirmed that blood flow


METHOD FOR TREATING BENIGN AND through tumors is actually sluggish giving rise to an


MALIGNANT TUMORS UTILIZING RADIO appearance of non-filling on angiography. Residual


FREQUENCY, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION contrast medium remains in the tumor after it has been


Rpi ATPn r Asps 5 swePt out °f tne a4Jacent normal tissue by normal


KtLAitu CAbtA Hood f,ow This remaining residual contrast medium


This application is a continuation-in-part of LeVeen has been called a "Tumor Stain."


The tumors which
Scintillation counters (Electronics and waves series)
application Ser. No. 595,094, filed July 11, 1975 now have been studied radiographically have been brain



abandoned, which is in turn a continuation-in-part of tumors and kidney tumors.


LeVeen application Ser. No. 436,102, filed Jan. 24, 10 This has been confirmed by the applicant by the


1974 (now abandoned), and is related to LeVeen ap- indicator dilution technique



















measuring the actual flow application
Ser. No. 595,095, field July 11, 1975
 (now of blood through normal tissue and through tumors,
abandoned).

 The indicator dilution technique is more reliable than
Double isotope dilution derivative technique for measurement of catecholamines (Acta physiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum)
This invention relates to the treatment of tumors in the visual method as seen on angiography.
Such studies


animal hosts, such as human beings, and in particular 15 were done in vivo using X-ray contrast medium dilution


provides a technique for destroying the tumor without and in vitro on excised specimens.

In the excised specimens


injury to adjacent normal tissues.

 The tumors can be mens blood flow was measured by indicator dilution either benign or malignant and include carcinomas, technique using radioiodinated serum albumin. The effects of x-irradiation on the distribution of radio-iodinated human serum albumin in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)

The sarcomas, cysts and avascular lesions. albumin molecule was tagged with Im and the isotope
Sizing of colloidal particles and protein molecules in a hanging fluid drop (SuDoc NAS 1.15:106573)
It is an important object of this invention to provide 20 dilution was measured in the tumor and in normal tissue

a method applicable to the treatment of tumors under sue by a columnated scintillation counter. These studys
Basic liquid scintillation counting
a wide variety of conditions which can be utilized with ies indicated that the magnitude of flow through the

Luminescence and the Scintillation Counter


a minimum, and preferably an absence, of surgery. adjacent normal tissue is such that the tumor tissue is
 Luminescence and the scintillation counter

It has been noted that tumors can be affected by differentially heated when the area of the body containhyperthermia

Scintillation Counters in High Energy Physics

(Brit, of Cancer 25:771, 1971; Cancer 25 ing the tumor is treated by diathermy. Research 32:1916, 1972).

REPORT ON AIRBORNE MAGNETOMETER AND SCINTILLATION COUNTER SURVEY OVER PARTS OF JOHORE & PAHANG (AREA 4): GEOLOGY.

This observation was cou- In accordance with this invention, tumors are depled with the statement that the tumors were heat sen- strayed in humans and other animals by heating the sensitive. Scintillation counters in high energy physics

Experiments with external surface heating do not portion of the body containing the tumor such that the produce deep heating and in some cases, using hyper- temperature of the tumor is raised to a point at which thermia, the whole animal was heated as much as the 30 the tumor is necrosed, i.e., at or above about 50° C. In tumor. Scintillation counters in rockets and satellites


The measurement of radio-activity in the human body by NaI-TI scintillation counters (A.E.R.E.reports;no.EL/R1851)


Others have felt that a slight raise in tempera- some instances necrosis of the tumor is achieved at tures produced by metabolic changes in the cancer temperatures as low as 46° C.

Such temperatures, of interfered with cell growth

(Europ. J. Cancer 9:103, course, also destroy or severely damage normal tissue 1973).

Others have heated tumors for a few degrees by and the present invention is based on the discovery that diathermy to observe the effect on the tumor which was 35 when a portion of the body is heated, for example, by inhibitory but not obstructive

(Zeit. fur Naturfor- applied radio frequency electromagnetic radiation, the schung 8, 26:359, 1971).

There is still considerable tumor is heated differentially to a greater extent, such disagreement and conflicting evidence of the role heat that the temperature of the normal tissue adjacent the may play in the treatment of cancer








(The Lancet, May tumor can be kept below 40° C. 3, 1975; 1027). 40 This is caused primarily by the normal blood flow in


Anatomical studies suggest that the blood flow the adjacent normal non-cancerous tissue. Thus, the


through carcinomas and other neoplasms is sluggish temperature at which tissue is heated depends upon the


(Acta Pathalogica Microbiologica Scand., 22:625, blood supply to the tissue.

Eccrine sweat glands and eccrine sweating: Proceedings of the Brown University Symposium on the Biology of Skin, 1961 (Advances in biology of skin series; vol 3)



1945; Advances in Biology of the Skin, 21:123, 1961). heated, it serves to carry heat away from the part being
Advances in Biology of Skin: Carcinogenesis v. 7


Advances in Biology of Skin: Wound Healing v. 5

Tumors possess an angiogenetic factor which initiates 45 heated. As a result, tissues which are poorly perfused




the formation of new blood vessels. These blood ves- with blood become heated more rapidly and to a higher


sels, however, are capillaries which because of their temperature than tissues which have a normal rate of


small diameter offer great resistance to blood flow. The blood flow. As pointed out above, cancerous and other


capillaries make connections with the normal capillar- malignant and benign growths develop outside a pre


on the periphery of the tumor and are tortuous 50 formed blood vessel distribution network and derive


following haphazard pathways before emptying into their blood supply from the periphery of the tumor


some small vein at the periphery of the tumor. Fre- where it meets the adjacent normal blood supply. As a


quentlyl there is marked venous obstruction within the consequence, the slow rate and volume of blood flow


tumor caused by compression of the peripheral veins through the tumor provides a lesser cooling rate in the


due to enlargement of the tumor and sometimes due to 55 tumor than the flow of blood through the normal tis


ingrowth of tumor cells into the blood vessels obstruct- sues adjacent the tumor,


`Coil Applicator w/o Cable 8 cm Dia/ 30 watts max.

Thus, when, for example, diathermy is applied in vivo
A Handbook of Surgical Diathermy
Anatomical studies also demonstrate the presence of to tissue containing a tumor, the tumor is heated more   Short Wave Diathermy

arterio-venous fistulae at the periphery of tumors than the adjacent normal tissue.

Measurements of emission levels during microwave and shortwave diathermy treatments (DHHS publication ; no)

 If the applied radiation


Diathermy: A critique and an experimental study

which can cause the tumors to appear vascular and 60 is of sufficient intensity and for a sufficient duration of


angiography because of the rapid appearance of con- time the differential heating of the tumor can necrose


contrast media, but which actually deprive the tumor of the the tumor without significant thermal injury to the


blood supply.

 The arterio-venous fistulae at the periph- adjacent normal tissue.


artery of the tumor tend to create a low resistance path- In accordance with this invention diathermy can be


way at the surface of the tumor which lowers the arte- 65 used to produce differential heating of cancerous tissue


rial pressure and diverts blood from entering the tumor. in the body. Insulated applicators, which are connected


Although anatomical studies suggest that the tumor to the output of an R.F. generator, are placed on opposite

Laser Plasma Generation and Diagnostics: 27 January 2000, San Jose, California (Proceedings of Spie--the International Society for Optical Engineering, V. 3935.)

blood flow is diminished and slow, only angiographic site sides of the portion of the body adjacent the location of the tumor such that the applicators produce localized heating in the tumor differentially higher than the remaining normal tissue, adjacent to the tumor, which is in the path of the R.F. radiation, i.e., generally between the applicators.

 Heating the tissue between 5 the applicators is continued for a duration of time and at an intensity sufficient to cause necrosis of the tumor by heating the tumor to about 50° C or above. In some cases tumor necrosis can be caused by heating to temperatures as low as 46° C.

 In any event heating is insuf- 10 ficient to raise the temperature of the surrounding normal tissue to cause significant damage to that tissue because such adjacent tissue is cooled by its normal blood supply.


This effect of destroying tumors by differential heat- '5 ing has been confirmed in both human cancers and cancers in animals by simultaneous measurement of the temperature in the tumor and in the adjacent normal tissue.

Differential thermometry between the tumor and normal tissue is performed with non-metallic ther- 20 mometers having              non-electrolyte fluids, such as liquid alcohol filled thermometers. Normal tissue is irreversibly damaged at temperatures above 50° C.

(Chic. Med. Sch. Q 17:49, 1956). Temperatures as high as 60° C can easily be achieved in the tumor while the adja- 25 cent normal tissue is heated only to the vicinity of 40° C using about 100 watts of energy at 13.56 MHz.


Generally, the radio frequencies employed should be as low as permissible in order to enhance the absorption of the energy by the tissue. Consequently, the 3° lower frequencies permitted by the F.C.C. are preferable. Since most tumors are located within the body, penetration of the heating radiation through the location of the tumor is essential.

It is well known that penetration of the body by electromagnetic radiation 35 and absorption of the energy of that radiation is an inverse function of frequency.

Complex dielectric permittivity of an ion-containing polymer in the microwave region.: An article from: Polymer Engineering and Science

 Generally, the practical frequency range for use of diathermy as described above to produce internal heating which can be utilized in the treatment of tumors in accordance with this 40 invention is from about 100 kiloHertz to about 200 megaHertz.

Arctic Ecological Research from Microwave Satellite Observations

 As in this range the longer wavelengths are both more effective in terms of heating and less likely to cause damage by scattering and the like, as occurs in the microwave region, the preference is distinctly for 45 the longer wavelengths.

Physics of Microwave Discharges: Artificially Ionized Regions in the Atmosphere

The preferred frequency for treatment is 13.56 megaHertz because it is the longest wavelength presently permitted by law.
Megahertz: Webster's Timeline History, 1937 - 2007
With impedance matching the results of this invention are generally achieved with energies ranging be- 50 tween 50 and 250 watts and for periods of times typically of 10 to 20 minutes, although lower and higher power levels and longer and shorter periods of time can be used depending on the size and location of the tumor.

Arctic and Antarctic sea ice, 1978-1987 : satellite passive-microwave observations and analysis (SuDoc NAS 1.21:511)

The conventional diathermy machine can not 55 provide the necessary heat and has the disadvantage that the distribution of heat in the tissues is apt to be non-uniform and can not always be predicted.

Arctic microwave propagation: Research report 

Also a considerable amount of energy on the standard diathermy machine is often reflected back into the dia- 60 thermy machine without entering the tissue. Thus, it is difficult to determine the dosage. Utilizing the energies required in accordance with this invention, the conventional machine itself and the cables become very overheated.

Comstar-UTS builds backbone microwave relay link in Tyumen region.(CONTRACTS)(Comstar--United TeleSystems)(Uralsky Federal District): An article from: Russian Telecom


 These problems are readily overcome utilizing 65 higher power output R.F. generators and heavier cables so that energies on the order required can be applied to the portion of the body under treatment.

An investigation of the characteristics of the frustrated total reflection filter and the metal grid monochromator in the far infra-red and microwave spectral regions


The effect of atmospheric conditions on the propagation characteristics of electromagnetic waves in the microwave region


High power microwave antenna performance in the stagnation region of a blunt reentry nose cone (AFCRL-TR)


Ground--based passive probing in the microwave region (NBS report)


Electromagnetic resonant behavior of a confocal spheroidal cavity system in the microwave region (Technical report / Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Research Laboratory of Electronics)


A summary of the radiometric technology model of the ocean surface in the microwave region (NOAA technical memorandum ; NESS 66)




Generally, the construction of suitable R.F. generators and transmission cables are not unlike those utilized in industry for relatively low power outputs, i.e., on the order of I kilowatt in the frequency range under consideration. While such a power level is high for diathermy use, it is not uncommon in many other applications, including radiotelephony, induction heating, and the like. The basic equipment is thus conventional.


It is preferred in present usage to employ an applicator generally having the shape of a paddle, i.e., having a handle and a round plate more or less coplanar with the end of the handle.

The plate itself is a conductive metal disc which is coated with an insulating film of non-glossy material, such as a coating of polyurethane resin, and is connected to the power source through the handle of the applicator. Suitable applicators which have been used have copper plates 2 inches to 4 inches in diameter. Also flat copper spirals have been used with success. The leads to the applicators from the power amplifier, of course, are necessarily insulated and preferably are shielded cables, such as coaxial cables, with the outer shield grounded, as peak voltages on the order of 300 volts are developed in the output circuit of the R.F. amplifier.
 The applicators and cables should be waterproof and be sterilized before use.


The applicators are connected across the radio frequency output in the present usage of an amplifier capable of up to 2000 watt output. The impedance of the load, i.e., the body portion between the applicators, is of course variable, thus, the normal impedance matching procedures utilized in coupling the output circuits of an R.F. generator through a transmission line to a load can be utilized.

The transmission line, i.e., coaxial cables, are connected appropriately at the output tank coil or otherwise in the final stage of the R.F. generator to provide a proper impedance match to the transmission line and impedance matching of the end of the transmission line, i.e., the applicators, to the load is important.

 In some circumstances, it has been found feasible to use fixed impedance matching at the applicators by building series inductance in the handles of the applicators, but this is not necessary as separate adjustable provision for matching the load can be utilized. Without proper impedance matching the power requirements are much greater and damage to the R.F. amplifier can occur.


Although it is not essential in carrying out the process of this invention, desirably in a sophisticated unit, provision is thus made for measuring both forward and reflected power. Similarly, fail-safe precautions should be utilized to prevent a control failure resulting in application of full load of the R.F. generator to the applicators when only a partial load is desired.


Selective heating of tumors in accordance with the present invention utilizing radio frequency electromagnetic energy can be further accentuated by the use of drugs.

Vasodilators increase tissue blood flow, but reduce the blood flow to tumors and further decrease the tumor oxygen tension (Acta Radiol 58:401-434, 1962; Cancer 20:60-65, 1967).

 The use of vasodilators in connection -with radio frequency treatment in accordance with the present invention should be of beneficial effect both because of the increased flow produced through contiguous normal tissue will better dissipate heat generated by the radio frequency energy while the slower flow through the tumor will accentuate the elevation of the tumor temperature.

R.F. signal generator set AN/URM-25B (SuDoc D 101.11:11-5551 B/994)

GS and depot maintenance manual R.F. signal generator set AN/URM-26B (SuDoc D 101.11:11-6625-472-45)

R.F. signal generator set AN/URM-25D (SuDoc D 101.11:11-5551-D)

Instruction book for R.F. signal generator set AN/URM-25C (SuDoc D 101.11:11-5551 C)

The design of the triboelectric generators of Martinus Van Marum, F.R.S: A case history of the interaction between England and Holland in the field of instrument design in the eighteenth century

Detailed Theoretical and Experimental Study on a Large MHD Generator (AVCO Research Report 174)

Development and evaluation of a model doubly-fed machine

Predicting the Performance of Large Steam Turbine-Generators Operating with Saturated and Low Superheat Steam Conditions